Protestestiamo contro l'emergere continuo di nuove forme di controllo in nome dello spauracchio del momento.

Qui dice tutto.

You can see all the results on our special website: http://www.nbc-2.com/gatewaytrial/

State redirecting

Each lab sets its own threshhold standards.

Now the defense is objecting to introducing information about the standards the DDC lab had at the time. (It appears they had stricter standards when processing this evidence than they do now)

The judge sustained the objection. Question not asked.

It's only a possibility there was a third man's DNA in one location on the outside of the nightgown. (there are three loci where there are foreign alleles)

Defense redirect

Again, we're going over the DNA on the outside of the nightgown.

She's excused, no more questions.

Now the prosecution is approaching the bench...probably trying to decide whether we should adjourn for the weekend or continue now that it's just before 5 pm.

She did the YSTR analysis (17 markers on Y chromosome). Y profile passed down from father to son.

Statistics are figured out a little differently. They use a database to determine frequency.

DDC started doing YSTR testing in July 2005.

State's exhibit 39 - Steven's blood sample/standard

Buccal swab of Fred Cooper for DNA sample/standard

States exhibit 38 - Michelle's nightgown. It was YSTR tested.

One spot, Steven could not be excluded
Another spot couldn't be tested, insufficient amount of DNA

They swabbed the inside and outside of the nightgown for YSTR analysis.
Fingernails were also tested using YSTR analysis.

Power Point presentation going to be presented to help in the understanding of the evidence. She's explaining the 16 markers or loci used in the YSTR testing. Each is called an allele.

One of the slides shows Steven's YSTR DNA. Another shows the DNA profile of Fred Cooper. They have five of the same alleles.

Swab of the inside of the nightgown, on spot 28B, Steven Andrews could not be excluded and Fred Cooper could not be excluded.

Swab of the outside of the nightgown. Both Steven and Fred could not be excluded.

06A swab from the right hand fingernails of Michelle Andrews.  Both Steven and Fred cannot be excluded.

***There were no profiles inconsistent with Fred or steven.

There were several areas of the jacket consistent with staining/cleaning.

Michelle's fingernails were all packaged in one envelope.  Dr. Julie Heinig did the swabbing of the fingernails. (to test for blood and DNA)

The gloves - presumptive came back negative - but had Cooper's DNA.

She used one swab for the inside of the nightgown and one swab for the outside of the nightgown (when swabbing for DNA testing)

State's exhibit 59 - the pink rag - The rag is not a complete rectangle. There's a seam right down the middle. This was positive for a male's DNA but it wasn't Fred or Steven.

Redirect by state

Lab does hundreds of samples a day. Majority are paternity, but there's no difference - other than chain of custody. Science and techniques are all the same. The standards are a l ittle different. there are more rules than for forensic cases than paternity cases.

Bleach and UV light destroys DNA

Defense redirect

asked about whether LCSO sent aerosol cans for testing.

She tested many of the motorcycle parts, vaginal swabs from Michelle, camo jacket, pink rag, fingernail clippings, rings.

All of the items were positive for blood in the presumptive testing. Some were confirmatory tested, others weren't

Steven's back - positive for blood
Right elbow - positive
Fingernails - positive
Rings - positive
Wedding band - Michelle positive - negative confirmatory for blood
Rag - positive
Foot peg from motorcycle - positive (for blood) - negative confirmatory for blood

Negative for blood:
Left fot peg of motorcycle - negative
Black key fob - negative
Gear shift assembly and brake lever assembly - neg
Motorcycle gloves - neg
Camo jacket and liner - neg
Vaginal swab tested for semen - positive.

Wedding band - no DNA
Foot pegs - no DNA from either
Gear shift - no DNA
Brake lever - no DNA
Passenger seat - no DNA
Gas tank - no DNA
Driver's seat - no DNA
Handlebars - no DNA

For full DNA results - go to http://www.nbc-2.com/gatewaytrial/

Key fob matched Cooper's DNA. The motorcycle gloves matched Cooper's DNA. (No DNA from Michelle)

DNA from Semen in vaginal swab matched Steven Andrews. Michelle's DNA was also found.

Engagement ring - DNA matched Michelle Andrews

DNA from under Michelle's fingernails were tested. They included Michelle Andrews' DNA.

Masking - a sample that's rich in one person'sDNA, it may mask out another person's DNA. Another test can be run which can overcome masking. If the victim is a woman, you can do YSTR DNA testing, which only tests the MALE DNA. It focuses on the Y chromosome.

Michelle's nails were tested for male DNA through YSTR.

The camo jacket and mesh liner - neither had any stains that appeared to be blood stains. there were also many discolored areas. She knew it had been cleaned but didn't know with what. She didn't feel it would be possible to get DNA from the jacket or the lining.

Exhibit 38 - the nightgown. She was looking for DNA, swabbed both the inside and the outside.

Defense is cross examining the witness

At the time the DDC lab mainly does paternity testing. A small minority of their cases are forensic.

Defense  exhibits 37 (right foot peg) and 39 (key fob) - no blood or DNA on the foot pegs.

DNA from the black key fob was Fred's.

None of the motorcycle parts had DNA extracted.

The black mesh liner (exhibit 66) - she didn't swab the lining of the jacket. She did the "hema stick" test for blood on the camoflouge jacket's mesh lining. She tested 11 places with a hema stick for blood.

When I read the Wall Street Journal this morning, I thought I might perhaps be dreaming. I came across an article that should have had a warning on it, such as "Strap your helmets on folks", because this article blew my fucking mind! The article was about a shark which had given birth. While this seems normal and reasonable, the article went on to say that the baby shark was born with no help from a male. WTF?! I need an explanation here. I have taken not One or Two, but Five college level biology classes, including Zoology. Either someone is lying about the birds and the bees or sharks are just made of magic. I think I am banking on the latter. Sharks not only give miracle births to Jesus sharks, but it has also been proven that sharks do not get cancer, even when injected with tumors. I am suddenly jealous: cool scary teeth, virgin birth, no cancer, eating turtles and surfers...life is good my oceanic friends. Honestly, I think a better answer would be available with extensive research on several topics. Perhaps the shark is hermaphroditic and for some reason, did not become sterile. Or maybe there was a delay in fertilization or maturation. Perhaps we do not fully understand the ocean, maybe there was sperm in the water and it entered the female. Perhaps there are really tiny sharks that mate with these females and we assume they are self impregnating. There has to be some reasonable explanation. There is even the possiblity that these sharks can duplicate their own DNA and produce clones of themselves. It certainly was not a Virgin birth though. I am willing to bet on that! I love science and I know that there is another answer. Sorry Jesus...good try!

Scientists are reporting evidence that contrary to our current beliefs about what is possible, intact double-stranded DNA has the “amazing” ability to recognize similarities in other DNA strands from a distance. Somehow they are able to identify one another, and the tiny bits of genetic material tend to congregate with similar DNA. The recognition of similar sequences in DNA’s chemical subunits, occurs in a way unrecognized by science. There is no known reason why the DNA is able to combine the way it does, and from a current theoretical standpoint this feat should be chemically impossible.

Even so, the research published in ACS’ Journal of Physical Chemistry B, shows very clearly that homology recognition between sequences of several hundred nucleotides occurs without physical contact or presence of proteins. Double helixes of DNA can recognize matching molecules from a distance and then gather together, all seemingly without help from any other molecules or chemical signals.

More here

She's looking at the item of evidence - exhibit 73 - the nightgown from Michelle Andrews.

There is a bloody handprint near the left breast and left leg.

She tested first for body fluids - presence of blood and or semen. No semen found.

When looking for semen they're looking for a clear or yellow stain. First they perform a presumptive test, then a confirmatory test. They can look at it through an alternate light source to see the semen as well.

The item did give the chemical indication of blood. Blood was also visible to the naked eye. She tested the area on the left breast and on an area of the back of the nightgown.

She also tested two areas on the inside of the nightgown. She removed those areas for analysis.

Exhibit 38a - the cuttings from the nightgown - received into evidence.

Ragsdale couldn't determine what the stains were. One of the areas was a stain that seemed consistent with semen, but it wasn't semen. She did DNA analysis on it.

The other area was visible with an alternate light source. It wasnt semen but she did do DNA analysis on it.

The first stain - she doesn't know specifically what it was, but had mucuous like appearance. Not perspiration. Doubtful to be saliva. There was a mixture of three or more individuals...Michelle, Steven and Fred. No determinations for Kellie Ballew. This stain was on the inside of the nightgown.

The second stain (on the inside of the nightgown)-  a mixture of three or more individuals. Michelle and Steven. Kellie could not be excluded and no determinations for Fred Cooper.

State's exhibit 29 - the pink rag.

There were chemical indications of blood on the rag. No DNA from Michelle, Steven Fred or Kellie.

Item 103 - Adidas shoes - gave chemical indications for the presence of blood.

Existem dois tipos de Mutações:

Mutações Germinativas: este tipo de mutações ocorrem somente em células dos gâmetas

Mutações Somáticas: este tipo de mutações ocorrem em todas as outras células de corpo excepto nas células dos gâmetas.

As mutações germinativas são as únicas que podem ser transmitidas á descendência, as somática não são hereditárias.

Como ocorrem as Mutações?

As Mutações ocorrem a quando da Replicação do DNA, ou seja, quando as cadeias nucleotídicas se separam o procedimento normal é se ligarem por complementariedade aos nucleotídicos existentes no núcleo, mas não é isso que se verifica, um aminoácido pode se ligar a outro uqe não seja complementar a este, (por exemplo: um aminoácido cuja base azotada é a Timina, se ligue com outra base azotada Guanina, isto é uma mutação genética pois se deveria ligar uma Adenina). Isto leva à uma sequência de bases diferentes, logo vai codificar uma proteína diferente com função específica diferente á que supostamente deveria ser formada.

Existem casos em que as mutações não são relevantes pelo facto que vários codões poderem codificar a mesma proteína. Como também a proteína que supostamente esta ausente devido á mutação pode não ter um papel tão fundamental ao organismo.

As Mutações não são, de todo, uma vertente negativa pois estas são responsáveis por uma grande diversidade de genes, codificando proteínas com novas capacidades, o que traduz numa evolução de espécies.

Citeste articolul

[Serology - testing bodily fluids]

Ragsdale says there are national quality assurance standards for forensic DNA labs. Techs have to take proficiency tests twice a year.

DNA - molecule in the body - encodes everything that makes us who were are. It is common among individuals, but there are differences in every single person (except for identical twins).

They look at 13 different areas of the DNA. It is found in red blood cells, skin cells...etc.

They do STR analysis. They look at 13 areas of DNA and develop a genetic profile, then compare to known samples. (amelogen determines or signifies sex).

(99-percent of our DNA is identical in all humans. DNA techs examine that 1-percent which is unique to each individual)

In a mixture of DNA, sometimes you can tell who are the major or minor contributors. Sometimes you can't, especially if there are more than two donors.

YSTR testing - they use areas of DNA that are only found on the Y chromosome which is the male chromosome. FDLE does not do YSTR analysis.

They only examine one item of evidence at a time.

Ragsdale performed some of the DNA analysis in this case. 2006-030581, 2006 - 0302419

Exhibits 40 and 42 - (40 - Steven Andrews blood sample) (42 blood sample of Michelle Andrews) These are stain cards, one from each.

Exhibits 68 and 69 - (68 buccal swabs from Fred Cooper) (69 buccal swabs from Kellie Ballew)

Exhibits 39 and 41 (actual blood samples)

These exhibits are used to provide DNA profile standards of each individual in the case.

Exhibit 25 - The cell phone handset. (pictured right)

For full DNA results go to http://www.nbc-2.com/gatewaytrial/ and click on Key evidence explained.

Four samples from areas on the phone: the keys, speaker, earpiece and swab for blood.

When doing STR analysis, the info must reach a certain threshhold, but no items on the phone reached that. This has to do with the quality standards.

Amelogenen - tells male or female

If sample inconclusive - a determination cannot be made. (Sample can't meet their standards to ensure accuracy of the DNA)

Pants, tshirt, 2 socks - these are Lukasz's clothes.

Socks - The socks contained DNA of Michelle.

Pants - Both of the knees were positive for blood. One of those matched Michelles DNA, the other one, Michelle couldn't be excluded.

Shirt- no blood visually detected and therefore was not tested for the presence of blood.

Swabbing of HH - blood present and it was Michelle (major) and Steven's blood. (sample from the carpet in the master bedroom)

Swabbing of SS - another sample from the carpet in the master bedroom. This was a mixture - Michelle was the major contributor, the other contributor couldn't be determined.

Exhibit 27 - Jeans from under Michelle's head. Levis - waist 34 length 32

She tested several areas, which gave the chemical indications of blood. The major profile on most samples matched Michelle Andrews.

The wear areas were also tested for DNA. This includes inside the waist, left pocket, in the groin area, right front pocket and inside the back left leg. All of these areas were a mixture. All included Michelle, three included Steven and Kellie Ballew was also included.

Going over the area and the findings.

Waistband - mixture 3 or more, Michelle, Steve and Kellie. Fred is excluded.

Left pocket - mixture of 2 or more, Michelle, Steven and Kellie. Fred is excluded.

Inside back left leg - mixture of 2 or more, Michelle and Kellie.  No determinations for Fred or Steven

Inside groin area - mixture of two or more. Michelle and Kellie. No determinations for Steven. Fred excluded.

Inside back waistband - mixture of 2 or more. Michelle and Kellie. Fred is excluded. No determination for Steven.

Inside front right pocket - mixture of 3 or more. Michelle, Steven and Kellie. Fred excluded.

Those jeans were not Freds.

Taking a short recess.

... ce ne sono tante altre, ovviamente, ma se domani il mondo non sarà come lo abbiamo conosciuto fino ad oggi, mi piacerebbe avesse questo elenco nel suo DNA ...

I have been asked to explain my experiences with Hyperarousal Trance and how it has effected my creativity as a dancer and a writer.

I can only attempt an answer because I am just becoming aware of ‘how it works’. I never really thought about it. It just seemed to appear when it was needed, whether I was conscious or not of it’s ‘need’.

Perhaps it would be better for me to start with an attempt to explain H.T. and why I started using it.

Two years ago I came across an article somewhere on the web about the ‘ayoub’ rhythm and the Zar trance dance in Egypt and parts of Africa. Being a belly dancer, I was interested and read as much about the Zar trance dance as I could. Actually there was not that much information at that time. Later there was more written.

I found there was a common element in this Zar dance, wherever it was utilized. It was this consistent 2/4 rhythm of the ‘ayoub’ or ayyoub (or zaar) rhythm.

It is hard for me to explain, but the dumbeks (the drums) used beat out this rhythm like this: Dum…tek!, Dum tek/Dum..tek!, Dum tek.

Sort of like a dotted quarter note on the first Dum…followed by an eighth note tek, but the next Dum tek is evenly beat.

Repeat until trance ensues.

And it does. Now, everything I write here will be contradicted, because it seems that each country where the Zar trance ritual is practiced has their own rhythms.  Some are particular to the demons entrenched within.

Oh, yes, the Zar ritual. I can’t make any assumptions here.

The Zar ritual is a healing exorcism used to shake up a demon residing in a woman. You don’t exactly evict a Zar (demon)….you give them new marching orders.

There are many issues about this, and I won’t go into them except to say that this is a highly controversial cultural issue and I for one, am remaining open to it all.

However, I will speak on my own experiences here with the Zaar rhythm (or ayoub). And I will try to link how this experience of listening closely to the ayoub rhythm changed points of creativity in my own life.

As much as I can understand this. I haven’t really closely examined it before, just took its presence in my life as natural. It is tied with my belly dancing, or perhaps it is more correct to say that I first became aware of the transforming and trance making behaviors of the ayoub rhythm in my belly dancing. I would find that I was going into a trance, and this was when I wasn’t attempting any set choreography.

Choreography seemed to interfere WITH the ability to fall into trance.

My belly dancing brings me into an altered state. This is very common to many dancers but I believe is disrupted when we are doing choreography. Set patterns, which we practice to take into ‘muscle memory’ still makes us conscious of our movements and somehow takes us out of the free-fall of trance.

The constant beat of the ayoub transforms consciousness. Somewhere I read it’s like a ‘horse’ that is carrying you inward and upward somehow. Perhaps the connection is a universal heartbeat, I don’t know really, but I do know ‘something’ happens to me. If it’s an altered state of consciousness, it has it’s reoccurring points: time disappears and something definitely shifts.

We do know through brain studies that there are many physical functions that are effected by Hyperarousal Trance. Blood pressure lowers, the heart beat slows, the body temperature changes. Now, I am not sure that this exactly applies to belly dancing, which can be quite vigorous. But rhythmic stimulation does change brain waves.

We also know that there are definite issues with Hyperarousal Trance in heightened endorphins, boosted immune system (even temporary) and accentuated energy…and an overall feeling of ‘high’ or ‘good’. These probably are no different than exercise highs. Another issue is that pain seems to be lessened with the trance state.

However, there is already a lot of evidence piling up that shows the brain issues (waves, etc) are different in H.T. than in hypnosis, or self-hypnosis. It’s a deeper effect on the brain in some way than these above.

I do find that listening to the ayoub rhythm beat out on drums or picked up in the background of music, effects me fast. I also drum on dumbeks, and this practice has allowed me to access the trance as much as listening or dancing does.

Somewhere I read that “Theta” brainwaves is the ‘set’ of Hyperarousal Trance, but I am still investigating this.

However, recently I did come across this: Theta waves occur most often in deep sleep, but are also dominant in the deepest state of meditation (body asleep/mind awake). The best place for deep thought is in this Theta realm. In Theta, we withdraw from the external and focus on a deep internal landscape. It's basically a twilight state. Theta is a waking dream, vivid imagery is there and we can access it because it is before us in the mind. We are receptive to information beyond what we would be in a 'normal' state. Theta is the gateway to learning and memory. As Dr. J.J. Harper says in “Tranceformers: Shamans of the 21^th century", Theta meditation increases creativity, learning, reduces stress and awakens intuition.

I can concur with this because there is something that happens when I am in a trance- like state, and this is accessed by what I have come to recognize  from the ayoub rhythm.

This entry is a work in progress. I have other things to say about Hyperarousal Trance, specifically to it’s relationship to subspace (another altered space) hypnosis, etc.

Generally the issue for me is creativity. I have realized over the past two years that H.T. is somehow very much bound up in my ability to ‘tap into’ different cultural issues, and to write about them. It seems that research is much smoother, easier and the writing, when I place myself in H.T. flows to where things reveal themselves and blossom.

At times, and these are not as rare as they would seem, I can access this trance almost without effort. That is a good day of activities, and especially writing. I think this is not rare amongst writers, either. I do know that my ability to concentrate and focus has allowed me to produce 4 novels, many poems, short stories, etc in the last two years alone. I am an American woman, and write about Japanese 16^th century culture, 6^th century Berber culture, modern Turkish culture and Celtic culture in my books. I have no background in any research, but these things become easy and unfold in different forms when I write. I can only attribute this to the background music and beat of the ayoub and other rhythms.

Something is happening in the brain here, and I for one am very grateful.

I am researching DNA and mysticism and have come across writings were it is proposed that everyone is capable of psychic powers, heightened intuition, clairvoyance, etc. Perhaps with a relaxed and then again…directed mind, you can tap into the prime DNA alphabet soup for transport into a heightened highway of the mind and the cosmos.

Anything is possible out there…and in here.

Lady Nyo

]]> http://druse.wordpress.com/?p=144 Fri, 10 Oct 2008 11:02:45 +0000 druse http://druse.fi.wordpress.com/2008/10/10/rdna-and-recombination/ In a mini-review by Ellen Tsang and Anthony Carr, recombination is highly regulated in the rDNA. Repetitive sequences such as rDNA provide good substrates for homologous recombination, particualrly if replication forks collapse here. Several studies have shown that replication fork barrier (RFB)-dependent and -independent replication fork arrest, as well as replication-independent DNA metabolism, can induce recombination in the rDNA. Some of the molecules involved in regulating recombination include Fob1, Sir2, topoisomerase, RNA polymerase I, and HOT1.

They concluded by stating:

"... high levels of rDNA recombination acts to maintain sequence uniformity ... it should be noted that the outcomes of recombination within the rDNA are very different to those of recombination at other repeat units within the genome ... the specialised nature of the rDNA metabolism suggests that observations made at the rDNA locus may not always be applicable to the wider genome ... fork arrest at a replication barrier only generates the potential for recombination; whether recombination occurs or not, and through which pathways, remains the responsibility of other local factors, such as the binding of regulatory protein complexes and sister chromatid cohesion ..."

Tsang E, Carr AM.
Replication fork arrest, recombination and the maintenance of ribosomal DNA stability.
DNA Repair (Amst). 2008 Oct 1;7(10):1613-23. Epub 2008 Jul 29.

Fig. 2. Model for the regulation of recombination outcomes in the rDNA. Heavy arrows represent individual rDNA units; those shown in blue are equivalent units on sister chromatids. The open circle denotes an active rARS; the red bar denotes an active RFB. Leftward-moving replication forks arrest at the RFB. A subset is thought to collapse, requiring recombination to restart replication. Under normal circumstances, sister chromatids are held together by cohesin (grey rings), forcing the broken end to invade the equivalent unit to give equal sister chromatid exchange and rDNA stability (A). In cases where cohesin is dissociated from the rDNA, the broken end can invade either an upstream (B) or downstream (C) unit, leading to expansion or contraction of the rDNA array, respectively [17] T. Kobayashi, T. Horiuchi, P. Tongaonkar, L. Vu and M. Nomura, SIR2 regulates recombination between different rDNA repeats, but not recombination within individual rRNA genes in yeast, Cell 117 (2004), pp. 441–453. Article | PDF (469 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (58)[17].

[17] T. Kobayashi, T. Horiuchi, P. Tongaonkar, L. Vu and M. Nomura, SIR2 regulates recombination between different rDNA repeats, but not recombination within individual rRNA genes in yeast, Cell 117 (2004), pp. 441–453.

RICHMOND - Peneliti asal Amerika Serikat telah berhasil melakukan untuk kedua kalinya kelahiran hiu tanpa 'dibuahi'.

Para peneliti menyebutkan bahwa mereka menggabungkan DNA dari kotoran hiu perempuan Blackstip Atlantik di Akuarium Virginia dan hiu lelaki dari pusat sains Marine.

Sebelumnya kasus pertama telah terjadi reproduksi tanpa jenis kelamin, atau parthenogenesis, yang melahirkan� hiu kepala martil di kebun binatang Omaha.

"Pada kasus yang pertama kami tidak beruntung. Namun, tidak menutup kemungkinan suatu saat hiu perempuan menyebabkan banyak spesies," Ujar Demian Chapman, Kepala penelitian hiu.

Hiu tersebut melahirkan tanpa kesulitan dan cukup sekali tekanan seperti mengeluarkan kotoran. Para peneliti tersebut melihat bahwa jika berhasil maka penelitian ini bisa menjadi salah satu solusi untuk pelestarian spesis hiu yang terancam kepunahannya.

"Mau tidak mau, sedikitnya populasi hiu perempuan ini membuat kami harus mempercepat penelitian," imbuh Chapman, seperti yang diberitakan Associated Press, Jumat (10/10/2008).

Usaha ini dimulai sejak 16 bulan yang lalu setelah kematian hiu blacktip Atlantik yang bernama Tidbit di Akuarium Pantai Virginia. Sejak itu tidak ada lagi hiu blackstip yang berjenis kelamin laki-laki.

Di Bulan Mei 2007, hiu berukuran 5 kaki, dan seberat 94 pon mati karena stres saat diperiksa kehamilannya. Namun, hiu berukuran 10 inchi membuat karyawan akuarium senang karena berhasil diselamatkan.

Pada awalnya cara yang dilakukan dalam produk janin yang dilakukan adalah dengan menyilangkan DNA hiu blacktip dengan hiu lelaki dari spesies yang lainnya. (srn)

Family Tree

LONDON - Saat ini kepolisian dianggap kesulitan jika mengidentifikasi korban kejahatan yang sudah tewas. Namun, suatu hari nanti masalah itu akan terpecahkan. Kemungkinan ini akan terjadi setelah peneliti asal Inggris mengembangkan sistem dimana polisi dapat menganalisa DNA, tanpa harus menunggu ahli forensik.

Adalah ilmuwan asal Universitas Leicester, yang mengembangkan sistem untuk memudahkan pekerjaan polisi tersebut. Dalam demonstrasi yang dilakukan oleh beberapa ilmuwan itu, terlihat bagaimana DNA dapat diidentifikasi dengan mudah.

Penemuan yang dilakukan oleh para peneliti genealogi dapat memudahkan investigasi melalui DNA yang diambil dari darah, rambut, dan air liur si korban. Teknik ini dimulai dengan menganalisa DNA melalui Y Kromosom, lalu dari situ polisi dapat mengidentifikasi si korban dengan nama keluarga, lewat riwayat dari ayah ke anak.

Seperti dilansir AFP, Rabu (8/10/2008) dari studi yang dilakukan terhadap 2.500 pria, dimana 24 persen hasilnya menyatakan bahwa ada kemungkinan setiap dua orang pria memiliki nenek moyang yang sama. Akan tetapi, presentase ini bisa naik menjadi lebih dari 50 persen.

"Faktanya cukup kuat. Kemungkinan nama keluarga dan Y kromosom setipe berpotensial digunakan di ilmu forensik. Polisi tinggal menyimpan database nama dan Y Kromosomnya, hubungan antara� nama keluarga dan DNA dapat membantu Polisi," jelas Turi King, salah satu ilmuwan tersebut.

Seperti kebanyakan nama di Barat, nama sebuah keluarga hampir bisa dipastikan disematkan kepada turunannya. Dengan menganalisa nama keluarga, dan Y Kromosomnya, polisi tinggal mencari riwayat kehidupannya melalui database yang telah disimpan. (srn)

The most common call is consistently from parents wrestling with the decision about whether to have an invasive test such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis. Because both procedures carry a one per cent risk of miscarriage, parents agonise over whether to put their pregnancy at risk in order to have conclusive information on a genetic condition. If cffDNA testing were to provide risk-free but reliable diagnoses of aneuploidies and other genetic conditions it would prove extremely popular with many parents.For most parents the earlier reassurance that cffDNA testing would bring will be welcome. However, we must avoid making assumptions that an earlier diagnosis will necessarily be easier for parents to cope with. Making painful decisions about the future of what is most often a wanted pregnancy is difficult at any gestation. Furthermore, there is no evidence that earlier terminations for fetal abnormality have substantially less emotional impact on women and couples than those carried out later in the pregnancy.

Another concern from the parental perspective is the form cffDNA testing takes, being a simple blood test. Women are very accustomed to having blood taken in pregnancy and while holding out an arm for a needle to be inserted is not always pleasant, it is something with which every pregnant woman is familiar. The 'routine' nature of the procedure could mean that some women embark on it without considering the possible implications and so are particularly distressed if test results bring unexpected news about the pregnancy. This has implications for how pre-test counselling and consent issues are handled.
In fact there is a precedent for a non-invasive diagnostic tool in routine use in antenatal care, namely ultrasound scanning. Every time an ultrasound probe is placed on the abdomen of a pregnant woman there is the possibility that an abnormality will be detected. Although information provision to women about the purpose of antenatal ultrasound is improving, we cannot underestimate the profound impact on parents when the scan shows that there is something wrong. However well-informed a woman may be, such news will always come as a shock and generate considerable anxiety and distress. This will also be the case for a diagnosis made from cffDNA testing, even if it comes earlier in pregnancy. 

For decades, attempts to identify intact fetal cells in the maternal circulation have been unsuccessful - too few cells were present, and the few that were identified could remain in the circulation for years. Cell-free DNA is also present in the circulation and probably arises from apoptosis (controlled cell death) of cells. Fetal DNA arises from dying trophoblast cells and comprises 3-6 per cent of the total cell free DNA in the maternal circulation. FfDNA was first demonstrated in the maternal circulation in 1997, it consists of short fragments of DNA, not whole chromosomes. It can be first identified from the fourth week of gestation and increases throughout pregnancy. It is rapidly cleared from the maternal circulation after delivery and is undetectable by two hours. DNA is normally transcribed in to RNA and cell free RNA (ffRNA) also circulates in the maternal circulation. It is more stable than other forms of RNA. Only genes that are being transcribed will produce RNA and therefore identification of free fetal against free maternal RNA may be possible through differential expression patterns (ie. different patterns of maternal and fetal gene activity).

Identification of the ffDNA from the free maternal DNA is a major challenge. Fifty per cent of the genes in fetal DNA will be the same as in the maternal DNA, as they originate from the mother. Two clinical uses of ffDNA technologies are currently used frequently; rhesus typing and fetal sexing. Rhesus blood grouping of the fetus in rhesus negative mothers is used to try and prevent isoimmunisation of the fetus by using anti D antibodies in mothers carrying rhesus positive babies. Fetal sexing is offered to women who are either carriers of an X-linked disorder and who only need to have a CVS if they are carrying an at risk male, or women at a one in four risk of having an affected baby with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In these pregnancies early maternal treatment with dexamethasone hopefully prevents the development of the distressing problem of clitoromegaly in affected girls.

However, the above two uses for ffDNA are only the very beginning for what is potentially possible with this technology. Screening for Down syndrome and other major trisomies (conditions caused by having three, rather than two copies of a particular chromosome) would transform prenatal diagnosis and screening. Diagnosis could be earlier and available to a much wider number of women. Single gene disorders can also be potentially identified using ffDNA. At present this is being studied in cases where the father is a carrier of an autosomal dominant disease - identification of the mutation has to be from ffDNA as the mother does not carry the mutation. If the father carries a different mutation in an autosomal recessive disease then this might also be possible to identify. Another potential use for ffDNA is where ultrasound abnormalities are identified and it may be possible to confirm a diagnosis using genetic tests and ffDNA. Examples of this include achondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia. In view of the limited volume of ffDNA available, it is only possible to look at specific well recognised mutations rather than screening a whole gene. FfRNA from genes that are only active in the placenta will allow wider applications of the technology, as there will be different patterns of gene activity from maternal ffRNA, and hence differentiating between the two should be easier.

Greater availability of risk free tests for prenatal diagnosis may sound ideal, but first it is necessary to confirm the reliability and accuracy of the test. Fetal sexing had an approximately four per cent error rate until recently. Fetal sexing can be confirmed using ultrasound at 16 weeks so the error can be rectified, but for tests with no ultrasound markers this will not be possible. In addition, not all women want prenatal diagnosis but all women have blood samples taken during pregnancy, so they may not realise what is being tested for and receive results that they are ill-prepared to receive. Biochemical screening has had some similar problems but as it is a screening test the woman then has a choice whether to proceed to a diagnostic test. Lastly there is the possibility of abusing the technology particularly for fetal sexing; this has happened in other modalities of prenatal diagnosis in both ultrasound and karyotyping. There is a possibility of ffDNA testing being available over the internet and therefore more difficult to control.

FfDNA technology thus has the potential to change the face of prenatal diagnosis, allowing safer and earlier diagnosis for a wide number of genetic diseases, and we look forward to these advances with anticipation and a degree of impatience.

Image by KM&G-Morris via Flickr

Society was raised to erase the dark part of life even though it clearly says in the bible that god created light and all the creatures within it and darkness and all the creatures to dwell within it…there can not be one with out the other but Christianity started it all….from the days of the witches to now they have made it their spiritual mission to erase what has been written. I am by no means saying that Christianity is bad because it is not there is good in bad in us all, but it’s odd how people are so afraid of darkness that they hide from it at every given moment because they fear not being the most powerful.

No matter how many times humans deny it there is darkness in their heart, everyone has thought of killing , everyone has thought of being submissive or dominant, everyone has been curious about the occult and paranormal, why? because it is embedded into our DNA, whether God or Buddha or RA created us darkness plays a role in life as well, but also their is a side of humanity that is also built to fight against it, the light side of humanity fights against the dark side and the dark side fights against he light side, it is an ongoing battle and it is a battle that can not be won, because it was not meant to be won it was meant to teach and enlighten so that we can be ready to ascend when we reach the afterlife which is a heightened state of existence, however those of us that don’t learn this in this life, sadly will not get to reach that ascension.

It may seem harsh but are teachers not harsh on you when you have a test coming up and you don’t study? they give you a flat out F, but that is not their fault it is your own fault that you did not take the time to study what you had to because you were to busy doing other things that only seemed more important, and the same goes with life, yes we work and raise families and do other stuff, but with about almost 100 years to live can we not make time to study life? to explore our spiritual selves and make sure we pass the ultimate test? and almost 100 years is far more time to study than a weekend or 2 weeks no? don’t you think that the higher powers have given us enough time to live to discover the secrets of our selves? they have given us life, they have given us earth the universe, can we not at least care about what we have been given?.

Most people just ignore it and hide behind what their told and not question to truly learn even though it seems as if people can not be taught that is our purpose, of people like me and you and others who are very spiritually aware,…to enlighten and help our brothers and sisters, and even if we just help guide just one or two to enlightenment then our job has been done and I know that there others out there who get frustrated trying to enlighten humanity, but imagine how frustrating it gets for the higher ones? .

They want so much for us to succeed…and yet most of humanity keeps failing, they get tired of having to repeat everything over and over,…and believe me our work will not be in vain, and as far as why we always choose the hard ones to try to help, the ones that almost certainly will fail? perhaps it is practice? or a warm up? to the real thing, I keep going by tests but in most schools before we have to take a test we have pop quizzes or study sessions etc…well, we also have to perfect our technique and study in order to help those that really matter and will be open enough to listen and learn and in turn help others themselves.

The point is never give up and always think when your tired the higher ones, are even more exhausted.

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I chocked it all off to silly dreams until they actually began to tell me in the dreams that they would make me believe and even though they did not want to they had to because I had to awaken to my true self to fulfill my mission on earth, so after awakening from these dreams I began to wake up with hand marks all over the places and bruises, so I began to research the subject and realized that I had not most but 95% of the symptoms, then I remembered something my old doctor told me which was that my blood had unusual qualities and that my uterus was not normally shaped, he said that he had never seen anything like it and he was a doctor for a very long time and so all but one of my children had to be born through C-section....this may or may not be relevant but I remember one time as a child about 15 years old I was dared to jump out of a 4th floor window so I did and when I did I landed on my feet and kept on going.

I can also affect satellites as unbelievable as that may sound, for example me and my friend were stranded in a very very bad part of town because her car broke down she was freaking out and we did not know where we were so I told her as if by instinct to give me her cell so we could call a cab and she argued that it was impossible because we did not have the location but I just took the phone and looked up towards the sky and concentrated and then the automated service said:

you have reached taxi taxi would you like to be picked up at so so? I dialed yes for 1 and hung up the phone and we waited in the car for the cab to arrive and I told her of what I did and that the cab should be here shortly, this was our first time calling this cab company and our first time in the area and when the cab arrived I asked him if it was normal for cab companies to track cell phones through satellite and said cab companies don't track cell phones they only keep the location of wherever your particular cell phone or phone has called from..needless to say he was looking a little pale when I told him about what I did and so did my friend.

I also began to change my personality, my interests, my views of life and I began to become more spiritually aware of everything around me, I flushed most of my old life right down the drain and that included old friends....I was starting my life from scratch, I was even dressing different and speaking different and I was very very happy with myself I felt at peace for once, I felt complete and content as if I had reached ultimate accession ...the feeling grows more each day and I see the world as one beautiful garden of Eden.

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Don’t Fear The Future

I have noticed that a lot of people these days are in constant fear of what the future may bring, and this is quite understandable due to the recent horrific events of this planet times like these can and do bring about severe depression and personality changes often times people split there personalities and become someone else in order to escape the reality of what the world has become and what it is about to become, every one knows it, everyone can feel it, the dark and negative energy that engulfs this planet but as the familiar saying goes “it is the calm before the storm”, it will get far worse before it gets better.

We are in rough times right now and humanity is feeling the effects of the war that is currently taking place among the stars, forces are fighting for the well being of the world and the universe, you are not alone in these times of change and darkness…but rest assured that this darkness has a purpose because as I have said before the soul can not evolve with just one polarity and this change has been long awaited…many have suffered at the hands of secret societies and other dark forces of the universe…so many unsolved murders and missing children and human beings…this soon will end.

Keep faith in the ancient ones of the stars for they are your creators and will not lead you astray, you are a magnificent creation and you should act as so and you should delve deep within for you have unlimited strength…this strength is available to everyone who believes in themselves, you can do amazing things and the time to reach into your soul is now! don’t let anyone tell you otherwise, believe in your beliefs and believe in your ability to succeed.

You must accept that there are two sides to the soul, both light and dark however you must remember that there must be balance…if you stray to much to either side the soul will be lost and will never achieve the proper and rightful ascension it was meant to…I do realize however that in these times it is easy to stray to much to the dark side, it is easy to become angry with the Gods, the government, society etc…however everything that is taking place is part of a plan, the plan of ascension…for example when you play what you call video games would you want a game that can be beat in less than an hour or would you prefer a challenge that would eventually climax to the reward of beating the video game and obtaining its rewards such as unlocking secret characters and codes?…exactly…we all want a challenge with out a challenge there is no need or desire to reach the climax of ascension.

So when you see these times unfolding before you do not panic and remember this article…there is strength within you and you were created to withstand almost anything but unless you begin the ascension now I am afraid it will be to late…research your creation, question everything and believe only in what you feel is right because there are those who will try and lead you astray and directly into peril….believe that you are beautiful and that you are connected to a wonderful plan that will have incredible benefits and rewards beyond your imagination if you follow your guides who are trying to lead you towards ascension…and I can not stress this enough beware the dark forces of the earth.

Una de las preguntas más frecuentes que se hacen los científicos cuando se plantean la posibilidad de encontrar vida en otros planetas es si algún organismo es capaz de vivir de forma independiente, sin necesidad de recibir la luz del sol o de alimentarse de otros seres vivos. La duda ha quedado siempre sin respuesta. El descubrimiento en una mina de oro, a casi tres kilómetros de profundidad, de una nueva bacteria ha conseguido abrir una nueva puerta en la investigación astrobiológica.

"Ahora que tenemos la prueba de la existencia de un organismo como este, es excitante, hasta en un sentido filosófico, saber que todo lo necesario para la vida está empaquetado dentro de un solo genoma", afirma Dylan Chivian, autor del descubrimiento que se ha publicado en la revista 'Science' e investigador del Laboratorio de la División de Biociencias Físicas de al Universidad de Berkeley (EEUU).

Además, el hallazgo supone la primera prueba de un ecosistema formado por una única especie biológica. La bacteria Desulforudis audaxviator, encontrada en una nueva galería de la mina de oro de Mponeng, cercana a Johanesburgo (Sudáfrica), en condiciones de total oscuridad y a más de 60 grados centígrados de temperatura, vive de forma totalmente aislada de otras formas de vida. Consigue sobrevivir en un hábitat semejante gracias a la energía que extrae, no del Sol, sino del hidrógeno y del sulfato producidos por la descomposición radiactiva del uranio presente en la mina. Además, como vive aislada de otras formas de vida, obtiene sus moléculas orgánicas de la humedad presente en la tierra, del carbono inorgánico de las rocas y del nitrógeno que proviene del amonio que rodea los minerales.

Largo camino por la Evolución

En el largo trayecto evolutivo hasta las profundidades de la Tierra, esta bacteria ha desarrollado una batería de genes que le permiten hacer cosas impensables en otras formas de vida, como fijar el nitrógeno directamente del elemento químico presente en el medio."Casi todos los organismos viven en comunidades con diferentes papeles dentro de cada ecosistema", dice Chivian. Pero D. audaxviator ha obtenido genes fundamentales para su vida de otros organismos, como arqueas, gracias a la capacidad de intercambiar material genético, un proceso conocido como transferencia horizontal que le permite obtener genes de organismos muy diferentes a él. Estos le permiten, no sólo alimentarse de materia inorgánica exclusivamente, sino convertirse en una espora cuando hay periodos pobres en nutrientes o protegerse a sí mismo del ataque de los virus.

No se trata de un organismo marciano, pero su modo de vida bien podría encajar con las condiciones que podría tener un organismo en Marte. Sin embargo, su procedencia no es extraterrestre, sino todo lo contrario procede del mismo corazón de la Tierra. De hecho, el nombre de la bacteria procede de la literatura de ciencia ficción del maestro Julio Verne. En un momento de su Viaje al centro de la Tierra, el protagonista, el profesor Lidenbrock, descifra un mensaje que dice en latín: "desciende, Audax viator, y alcanza el centro de la Tierra".

Image via Wikipedia

I am a Pleiadian Starseed from the planet Erra, many years ago I walked a very dark and some would say evil path I befriended many individuals that I should not have, but I was never happy and even though I tried to fill the gap that was in my soul I always failed, even before then when I led a pretty normal life I was always filled with an intense loneliness.

My life was not easy as a child and as I grew older it got even harder and then the nightmares began or at least back then I regarded them as nightmares, I had visitations by beings I had no idea even existed then the unthinkable happened which for many years I regarded as nothing more than an insane dream until of course physical signs began to manifest.

I was abducted by aliens the Grey to be exact I remember it clearly even though it happened when I was only 15 years old, I don't remember how I got aboard the ship but I remember waking up in some type of pod, the part of the ship I woke up in was isolated so I tried to make a run for it I don't know where I was attempting to go but in my mind I had to get off the ship and I had to go home to my home ship which did not even make sense to me.

But as I got to the ships door the Grey suddenly came from nowhere and ran after me they were telling me that the would not harm me and that all they wanted to do was put something in my eye, I refused so they held me down and forced it, I lay there traumatized and afraid and then a sudden beam of light engulfed the ship and I was in an amazing ship created of pure light and I was told that I would soon learn the truth of my nature and they Grey's interest in me, then I woke up from this so called dream to find that that same eye was swollen.

I thought nothing of it, till many years later when I began to spontaneously change personality I pushed away all my friends and began to take an interest in astronomy, alien life, and DNA all of this made no sense to me and I was bitterly confused then I heard a voice that said: Yshatar do you remember what you told your mother when you where a child?, huh? I thought I was going crazy I sought professional help and no doctors could find anything wrong, I was perfectly normal but I could swear I was going crazy and why was I called Yshatar? so I began to think about what did I tell my mother when I was little? it made sense, perfect sense.

When I was small and me and my earth mother would go out I would look up at the stars and tell her I wanted to go there I wanted to be there and I wanted to go back home...I realized I was awakening to my true self my alien genes had been activated, I was a starseed and all these years I blocked it, well ever since then I have had an amazing life my awakening feels unlike anything I have ever experienced in my life, and then on top of that I remembered that all my life I wanted to help the world and humanity and I want to fight for it all, for all this hard work that has been created over eons and eons ago I did not want to let it all go to waste this majestic work of the gods.

I have to say that the teachings that I have received from my guide who is a member of the Ashtar command has been amazing better than anything I have ever read in any religious text and the feeling of being connected to the universe is the most amazing most universally complex thing I have ever felt, to have this cosmic awareness of myself and the universe I don't think I can put into words what I feel day to day how much love I have now that I have awakened I love everything and everyone, I wish I could grow as big as the universe and hug the world, and the peace I have never been so peaceful, I am finally at one with myself and the universe I have found myself.

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I began to have dreams, dreams of being visited by beings from the GFL and from other star systems they came in all different shapes and sizes, looks and colors they helped me out of dangerous paths in my life and helped guide me towards cosmic awareness and love, they taught me to love myself again, they taught me to love and forgive the world again, they taught me to look upon the world like one great big wonderful amazing plan, they taught me how to connect with spirit once again and remember just how amazing and powerful and beautiful my soul really is!...I cried I cried for the first time in AGES the hard shell I had built up and the hatred I had for everyone including myself faded away like a dead star.

They also even reprimanded me! and told me to stop agreeing with everything they taught me and to begin to research life! because my spiritual evolution had to come from within from with out..I had to experience humanity blind folded I had to view humanity as one central being not individual beings, they told me that I had to realize that this individual being (humanity) shared one soul...with this I did that and I began to see people as one race, one sex, one entity a marvelous creation of the Christ consciousness when I did this I realized that every race is racist and every being is negative and positive but all beings share the same light, some beings have full fledged fires burning in their soul which is the light, the light of our creator shining bright within them and thus it shined outwardly making them a beautiful being filled with love, peace and happiness then there are those with flickers of light who live full of anger, hate and sadness.

But these humans are no different they still require love, respect, patience and dedication just like another being be it human, animal or insect because to hate or to look upon these beings as lesser violent and separate creatures is to defile the very creation of the God like force himself and I do love my creator for he breathed life in to me and to love him I must love his gift to me LIFE and anything that breathes this spirit in and out of their vessel, with all this knowledge I noticed I began to vibrate at a higher frequency I began to acknowledge other dimensions and beings and I learned the truth of my origins I learned how to channel these beings I learned how to do some pretty amazing things and this higher vibration frequency I began to draw to me other higher vibration beings to me other humans and starseeds, light workers,warriors etc I have more friendship and love now than I ever did in my whole exsistance and how can this be wrong in any way shape or form? you see DNA was embedded with intuition DNA being the makeup of the human soul, therefor I knew beyond a shadow of a doubt that this is was it, I found truth self love and inner peace and this attracted the same: Like Attracts Like, it is not my mission on earth to look upon man with judgment for that is the work of my creator.

I am but a messenger, a warrior with a mission that I must complete with out fault and my mission is to remind the sons and daughters of Lyra that they are one entity not many, that they are one collective consciousness that emerged from a greater force a force so great that it can not be put in to words not now not ever, one must rise above all to experience the magic and breath taking power that is the God like force, this was not meant to offend in any manner, its purposes is to explain the to you that mankind is not many but one entity that is part of a plan within a plan with in a plan and this is infinite, the plan is greater in size than the largest universe you could possibly imagine, the plan is the purpose of the human entity to rise and rise and rise and experience all that the GOD like force can create until the final climax of ultimate ascension, Ultimate ascension is something that is not easily achievable and the test starts right here, right now...love, love so deeply that yo can barely stand it, love the sea, love the sky and the soil and your breath LOVE is the key blind fold your eyes and look upon the earth, look upon humanity as you for you are them and they are you, one entity infinity.

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